Lord of the Flies- What Is Evil and Where Does It Come from? Essay

Prompt: What is evil and where does it come from? Support your answer with Lord of the Flies and your own example. Two direct quotes needed: one for each body paragraph about Lord of the Flies. Where does evil come from? Was Lord of the Flies written to answer this question? William Golding wrote this spectacular story in 1954 to illustrate the concept of evil’s existence. The story is about several boys whose plane crashed because of a Soviet missile hit. The boys get stranded on an island and have to figure out how to survive. Each boy has his own personality and ideas on how to survive and get rescued. The group of boys start a fire to act as a signal for rescue. Unfortunately, the fire gets out of hand, and the chaos begins. Because the group of boys was hungry, one of the boys, Jack, decided to kill a pig. This led Jack to abandon his superego and to continue killing. It seems like the Beast entered Jack and the others, causing in them the thirst for blood. After several events that took place in the story, the boys were finally rescued by a naval officer from the Soviet Union. William Golding wrote this classic to deliver a moral message about the origins of evil. Evil is killing people for excitement and comes from ids within us, according to Lord of the Flies. William Golding shows that evil is within everyone and does not come from society. When Lord of the Flies/ the Beast gets into Simon’s head, Lord of the Flies says, â€Å" I am part of you† (Golding 142-143). Evil is speaking directly to Simon’s head and heart. This is an example of Simon’s conscience talking to him and evil trying to turn Simon into a savage like Jack. Society did not make Simon evil, it was the Beast who tried to get Simon to listen and become a savage. Evil is within everyone yet it is though society, creatures and people that evil is actually seen. â€Å"The Beast is harmless and horrible† (Golding 147). The Beast is horrible because it is not content with himself. Ralph is frightened because he thinks Simon’s murder was done on purpose (Golding 157). However, the Beast was not the one who committed Simon’s murder. It was Jack, Ralph, and the other boys on the island who murdered Simon. The Beast is not the one to blame, for Ralph had a choice whether to be a part of Simon’s death. Therefore, the Beast is blameless. Society does not generate evil in people and creatures. Evil is within us. The Bible clearly states in Genesis 3:3 that sin comes from within. In the book of Genesis, it had the story of Adam and Eve. God clearly said, â€Å"You must not eat from the Tree of Knowledge or you (Adam and Eve) will die† (Genesis 3:3). Adam had a choice whether to eat the forbidden fruit on the Tree of Knowledge. He chose to eat it. The serpent known as Satan deceived Adam and Eve and managed to trick them into eating the forbidden fruit. Adam was in control of his own actions. If he had not eaten that fruit, he would not have let sin into this world. Therefore, sin comes from within us. Evil is the feeling of enjoyment when killing someone or something and comes from our ids within us. The author clearly demonstrates in Lord of the Flies that evil is within everyone and does not come from society. Even though it can seem like society causes people and creatures to be evil, the fact is that evil comes from within every human being. It is clearly explained throughout the Bible the acts of sin are evil. Evil is within all of us whether we are morally corrupted by sin or we are tempted by society. Lord of the Flies definitely illustrated the concept of evil’s existence and that evil is within all of us.

PHP Remote File Include (RFI) Essay

1. What is a PHP Remote File Include (RFI) attack, and why are these prevalent in today’s Internet world? a. A Remote File Include allows an attacker to include a remote file. This vulnerability is most often found on websites and is usually implemented through a script on the web server. 2. What country is the top host of SQL Injection and SQL Slammer infection? Why can’t the US Government do anything to prevent these injection attacks and infections? a. Peru. 3. What does it mean to have a policy of Nondisclosure in an organization? a. It means that certain information can’t be made public under the company’s policy. 4. What Trends were tracked when it came to Malicious Code in 2009 by the Symantec Report researched during this lab? a. Swifi, Interrupdate, Fostrem, Kuaiput, Mibling, Pilleuz, Ergrun, Bredolab, Changeup, Induc 5. What is Phishing? Describe what a typical Phishing attack attempts to accomplish. a. Stealing online account information by posing as a legitimate company. 6. What is the Zero Day Initiative? Do you think this is valuable, and would you participate if you were the managing partner in a large firm? a. A program to reward security researchers for disclosing vulnerabilities. Yes. 7. What is a Server Side Include (SSI)? What are the ramifications if an SSI exploit is successful? a. A Server Side Include is a process of adding content to an existing HTML page. 8. According to the TippingPoint Report resear ched in this lab how do SMB attacks measure up to HTTP attacks in the recent past? a. There was almost a 60% shift from a SMB type attack, towards an HTTP-based attack. In addition, nearly 100% of the observed attacks are automated, botnet, or worm-based attacks. 9. According to the TippingPoint Report, what are some of the PHP RFI payload effects DVLabs has detected this year? a. PHP Remote file-include attacks saw a steady overall downward trend, except for a massive spike in mid-year of 2010. 10. Explain the steps it takes to execute a Malicious PDF Attack as described in the Tipping Point Report? a. Step 1: The attacker begins by using powerful free attack software to create a malicious PDF file that contains exploitation code. If this file is opened on a victim computer with unpatched PDF reader software, this code will execute commands of the attacker’s choosing. b. Step 2: The attacker loads the malicious PDF file 2 a third-party website. The attacker then loads the malicious PDF file on a publicly accessible  website. c. STEP 3: The attacker now sends e-mail to high-profile individual in the target organization, including corporate officers. This message contains a hyperlink to the attacker’s malicious PDF file on the external Web server. The e-mail message is finely tuned to each target individual with a focused effort to get the recipient to click on the link – some other trusted site. The attacker does not include the malicious PDF file as an e-mail attachment, because such attacks are more likely to be blocked by e-mail filters, anti-virus software, and other defenses of the target organization. d. Step4: The victim inside the targeted organization reads the e-mail, pulling down the attacker’s message with the link to the malicious PDF. The user reads the e-mail and clicks on the link. e. Step5: When the user on the victim machine clicks on the link in the e-mail message, the victim’s computer automatically launches a browser to fetch the malicious PDF file. When th e file arrives at the victim computer, the browser automatically invokes the PDF reader program to process and display the malicious PDF file. f. Step6: When the PDF reader software processes the malicious PDF file for display, exploit code from the file executes on the victim machine. This code causes the system to launch an interactive command shell the attacker can use to control the victim machine. The exploit code also causes the machine to make an outbound connection back to the attacker through the enterprise firewall. Via this reverse shell connection, the attacker uses an outbound connection to gain inbound control of the victim machine. g. Step 7: With shell access of the victim machine, the attacker scours the system looking for sensitive files stored locally. After stealing some files from this first conquered system, the attacker looks for evidence of other nearby machines. In particular, the attacker focuses on identifying mounted file shares the user has connected to on a file server. h. Step 8: After identifying a file server, the attacker uses the command shell to access the server with the credentials of t he victim user who clicked on the link to the malicious PDF. The attacker then analyzes the file server, looking for more files from the target organization. i. Step9: Finally, with access to the file server, the attacker extracts a significant number of sensitive documents, possibly including the organization’s trade secrets and business plans, Personally Identifiable Information about customers and employees, or other important data the attacker could use or sell. 11. What  is a Zero Day attack and how does this relate to an organization’s vulnerability window? a. A Zero Day attack is an attack that exploits a security vulnerability the same day it becomes public knowledge. This may cause an organization to have a wide vulnerability window since it is still unfamiliar of how to mitigate the possible intrusion. 12. How can you mitigate the risk from users and employees from clicking on an imbedded URL link or e-mail attachment from unknown sources? a. Create an Internet Usage Policy stating against such actions. Another alternative or addition can be to block e-mail websites. 13. When auditing an organization for compliance, what role does IT security policies and an IT security policy framework play in the compliance audit? a. The security used to protect the company is changed and updated based on the policies that are in place. These policies must include any and all parts of compliance requirements based on the type of organization. 14. When performing a security assessment, why is it a good idea to examine compliance in separate compartments like the seven domains of a typical IT infrastructure? a. It’s easier to manage the findings by each domain to minimize the chance of over-looking a compliance error. 15. True or False. Auditing for compliance and performing security assessments to achieve compliance requires a checklist of compliance requirements. a. True.

The Impact in Your Life

* Please describe the impact your adversities have had on your life. When my sisters and I first came to the United States I had trouble understanding American English. Though we had been taught English in our school in the camp we were not prepared to learn in a completely English environment in a completely new culture. The transition was quite a challenge for us, not to mention starting well into the second half of the school year, but we pressed through and managed to get good grades.Everything has been completely new for me and my family and although we have received help, life here has been full of its own challenges. I sometimes become depressed when I am stuck at home do nothing. This new world has been especially challenging and complicated for my parents because they don’t understand or know how to speak English. They are learning, however, by taking classes. Currently, they are learning how to say all the food names in English.Another trial for us right now is the f act that my parents don’t work because they don’t know how to speak English and so it has been nearly impossible for them to find jobs and so support our family. When I think about all our challenges, new and old, I usually became frustrated and depressed even though I can understand and speak English well, but when I think about my parents and the fact that they don’t even understand what everyone else here is saying, I wonder how they must feel.Sometimes I listen to the conversation between my mom and dad about being very depressed and worried. Being a daughter I try to make them feel better by serving as an interpreter for them so that can function wherever they want to go. We also try to take them to meet other people who are also from Nepal so that they can share their feelings and try to find relief in this new country. *

Vaginal Birth is better than Cesarian Section Research Paper

Vaginal Birth is better than Cesarian Section - Research Paper Example   Relevant studies from the United Kingdom echoed findings that babies born from planned vaginal delivery had best outcomes compared to those who had Cesarian sections (Greer, et al. 2009, 675). Of the two approaches, vaginal delivery is cost-effective as it has the least risk for admission to the neonatal unit, least need for supplemental oxygen, least need for hospital and physician services, and least incidence of hypoglycemia and respiratory problems. Guise et al.     explained that Cesarian section is more expensive because of the following reasons: (1) longer stays in the hospital of both mother and child and more intensive observation from physicians; (2) longer delivery and operative time; (3) increased risk for perioperative complications; and (4) increased need for baby’s supplemental oxygen because of respiratory complications (39). As reflected in the studies given, vaginal birth offers the most cost-effective approach of delivery because it does not involve an operation/incision that may take days or weeks to heal. It is cost-effective for the mother because only the necessary medications, treatment and services during delivery are being given. There is no need to avail of any additional supplemental oxygen or treatment for the baby as babies born from vaginal birth have fewer respiratory complications. While discomfort or pain during labor discouraged the mother to have vaginal birth, this was significantly outweighed by a number of risks that may harm the mother and child once they choose the Cesarian section.  

Anish Kapoor Exhibition Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Anish Kapoor Exhibition Review - Essay Example Anish Kapoor: Memory suggests the sequences in which human perception arises through the principle of memory. â€Å"Memory,† a site-specific installation which contrives to fill Guggenheim’s enormous gallery space, becomes an investigation of scale, volume, color and materiality and consequently experiments on the limitations or restrictions of space and place. The exterior shell of this massive egg-shaped sculpture secures itself tightly against the peripheries of the gallery walls and ceiling, and down again to the floor. The eight millimeter thick Cor-Ten steel material chosen by Kapoor allows the form to achieve an apparent weightlessness although in reality, the sculpture is sits heavily at twenty-four tons. The illusion of lightness is realized through the construction of complex structural engineering that is specifically designed to be experienced through a series of partial and spatially separated views. Hence, Memory’s charm lies in its inaccessibility, preventing itself from revealing its true form. Memory is conceived as a new kind of experience as something that cannot be experienced at once but is rather understood through a series of separate, meaningful fragments. No one sees the whole thing at once as a result of the use of gallery space. Each visible segment is only seen after the viewer has experienced other unrelated elements of the museum and we are reminded that our memory in part, works in a similar fashion. The exhibit’s presentation invites us to daydream and reconstruct a mental image through the process of gestalt. In that sense, Kapoor considers the ways in which people feel and think about space, how they form attachments to their environment, and how feelings about space and place are affected by the sense of time. Memory is a critical understanding of how we are rooted to place and space. He extends his observation regarding the directionality of the different viewpoints

Occupational Therapy Assistant Program Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 112

Occupational Therapy Assistant Program - Essay Example The therapist is a challenge, enabling people of all ages to lessen to a greater or smaller degree or to completely overcome those disabilities that hamper their ability to live and work independently. I work as a nurse’s aide taking care of patients and assisting them in their daily living. It gives me immense satisfaction to see patients recover and go back to the productive, satisfying and meaningful lives that were impeded by disability. This field has attracted me and I want to get to the next level in my chosen field, hence my application to Harcum College for the Occupational Therapy Assistant Program. Harcum College attracted me because of the student-centric strategies used for teaching and the flexibility of the program. I am also looking forward to the exposure I shall get to new methods that enable occupational therapists to increase their success rates. I should also like to learn to work in different environments that give a broader perspective of the field and e nable me to work with patients with different disabilities and in varied age groups. The exposure that I will get as a result of coming into contact with people who have worked in environments different from those that I have experienced; will I think to improve my understanding and skills in dealing with a wide variety of patients. I look forward to working with settings that I have not worked before that will give me a chance to learn new techniques and hone my existing skills. Health has always been considered man’s greatest wealth. I think good health is the key to a door that opens innumerable opportunities. It will give me immense satisfaction if I can in some measure help people overcome their disabilities.  

Financial Analysis for Planet Fitness Assignment

Financial Analysis for Planet Fitness - Assignment Example es identified under after 42 in the 25th, 50th and 75th percentile in relation to the total annual turnover ranked Clubs were classified by the gross annual revenues in the order from lowest to highest(IBIS World, 2015). Also excluded are the data for enterprise clubs Planet Fitness which is holding as â€Å"outliers", that is, both the position of the worst performing companies (with a gross annual income of 471,219.05 $) and the Club of the most powerful (with an annual gross income of $ 3,649,651.37) (IBIS World, 2015). Especially achieved in terms of gross annual income of the best performing sector, the company does not believe that these results are typical of a Planet Fitness business (Hoover’s Inc, 2015). Membership Sales - EFT / Cash $ 1,189,094. The main source of income Planet Fitness club membership fees (IBIS World, 2015). Membership fees are usually paid in cash or by electronic funds transfer (EFT), and are usually paid monthly. A fitness center is also an additional profit obtained through an annual membership fee and annual maintenance fees. Membership shall remain constant, while the other offered periodically throughout the year. The "Black Card" is the permanent membership package;. It is a 12-month contract The "Black Card" is offered at $ 19.99 / month with an annual fee of $ 39 paid once a year requires June with the "Black Card" is free tanning included, drinks half price, free massage chair use access to another club Planet Fitness and the ability to host a free to bring his clubhouse (IBIS World, 2015). Advertising packages are offered at different times of the year and a franchisee is able to adapt the package to their club based on the benefits that come with the package (Taylor, 2014). Retail: $ 9.773. Add beverage sales, tanning lotions and glasses, Planet Fitness, clothing and helmet. Planet Fitness Photo of interior LiconTotal Income: $ 1,198,867 (Hoover’s Inc, 2015). Of the 42 corporate locations (1) 31 business websites (or

Digital Evidence ethics and computer forensics Essay

Digital Evidence ethics and computer forensics - Essay Example The perpetrators can be the staff in the companies or even the student. When it comes to ethical issues, somebody or the culprit may want to run away from the issue saying that he or she has not committed any offence since no child has gotten access to the material. As per the joint act, a child in this case is somebody who is blow the age of 18 years while child pornography is any form of material that shows or that depict a child doing something that is related to sex. It includes exposure of a child’s private parts such as the genitals or the pubic areas. In addition, an adult disguised to be a child involving himself or she in a sexual conduct is also considered a crime. Digital images of a real child or a fictitious child engaging the same conduct is also considered a crime Case study In 2007, there was a case in high court in United States concerning a university student who was distributing phonographic material within and outside the campus. In the case the student was charged with possessing materials that can be harmful to the children or even an adult who is not pleased with the content of the material. According to the joint act, a child in this case is somebody who is blow the age of 18 years while child pornography is any form of material that shows or that depict a child doing something that is related to sex. It includes exposure of a child’s private parts such as the genitals or the pubic areas. In addition, an adult disguised to be a child involving himself or she in a sexual conduct is also considered a crime. Digital images of a real child or a fictitious child engaging the same conduct is also considered a crime Case study In 2007, there was a case in high court in United States concerning a university student who was distributing phonographic material within and outside the campus. In the case the student was charged with possessing materials that can be harmful to the children or even an adult who is not pleased with the con tent of the material. According to the joint act, a child in this case is somebody who is blow the age of 18 years while child pornography is any form of material that shows or that depict a child doing something that is related to sex. It includes exposure of a child’s private parts such as the genitals or the pubic areas. In addition, an adult disguised to be a child involving himself or she in a sexual conduct is also considered a crime. Digital images of a real child or a fictitious child engaging the same conduct is also considered a crime. Source: National Juvenile Online Victimization Study http://www.missingkids.com/en_US/publications/NC144.pdf Ethical issue The ability of an individual to navigate within the web pages and the links that are related to a website give him a chance to fully follow you. Underlying this belief is the perception that virtual crimes are actions in cyberspace, with its shared virtual community and virtual citizens, and consisting of a mixtur e of real identities, alter egos, clones and even virtual beings. Hence, it is fundamentally different from crimes committed in the physical world. As such, the application and standards of criminal laws for the virtual community should be markedly different from those commonly applied in the courts of the physical world. Though their views appear futuristic and far-fetched at this point in time, the potential for its full or partial adoption may be foreseeable. Already, there are serious talks of the creation of cyber-courts to administer and dispense cyber-justice, which may entail punishments that are unique to the medium and that may not have a real world equivalent (Rittinghouse 2009) Investigation technique Finding substantial evidence was quite cumbersome because the internet use provides to the person who has the intention to stalk. The agencies that enforce laws need to review the law in order for them to come up with new tools and mechanism to combat this crime. The more p ressing and disturbing idea is that the person committing these crimes has the resource for example the skills and expertise on the internet use and he or she is determinant to frustrate or rather humiliate the victims. Research has shown that such perpetrators can decide to do so because of vengeance. Research has shown that stalkers are more experience in terms of age education and professional background. The gender also has

Handscrolls in the Song Dynasty or in Tang dynasty or you can compare Essay

Handscrolls in the Song Dynasty or in Tang dynasty or you can compare - Essay Example Gu lived during the Jin Dynasty (265-240) and is known as a the founder of the classical Chinese painting. The predominant style of painting during the Jin Dynasty was scroll paintings. Gu was from Wuxi family and worked as a government official when still of a young age. Gu was not only a painter but also wrote several poems and essays. He had a chance to travel to many places and he would document his experiences as poems, essays or paintings. He is a very important figure in studying Chinese art history (McCausland, 43). This paper looks at Gu kaizshi works of art and analyses the specific characteristics of these paining as a way of getting insight into the style used by Chinese artist during the Jin dynasty. Nushi Zhen â€Å"Admonitions of the Instructress of the Ladies in the Palace†) This is one of the most documented paintings by Gu. This painting is adopted from Zhag Hua’s moralizing text that details the right behavior that ladies in the Imperial Harlem should show. This scroll is made of direct quotation from the texts which are followed by illustrations in terms of painting. The paintings were made with ink drawn on silk materials. The paintings in this hand scroll are very different from those of the Han dynasty. Unlike the previous paintings the figures in this hand scroll have characterized facial expressions showing emotions (McCausland, 560. This shows a development towards the creation of portraits with the figures showing individual characters and is not general like the previous pictures. An example of this portrayal is seen in scene 10 when a lady approaching the emperor was repulsed by a gesture of his raised arm. Gu uses long even strokes of his brush that show the swirling of the drapery. One can also read the expressions on the two characters involved. An important aspect of Gu painting in this scroll is the strokes. He uses evenly narrow and long strokes without a lot of diversification. This kind of line was named as spr ing-silkworm-spitting-silk line. It was the earliest line style used by Chinese artist and it was not until Tang dynasty where the artists started using more diversified line strokes. Gu was also limited in terms of the colors used to paint the apparel worn by his characters. This is because the color used was only ink either ochre or vermilion ((McCausland & Gu, 356). Gold was used in representing ornamentation in women. Gu paid a lot of attention to details as seen in his work of art and this explains why it was possible to characterize his figures. This was borrowed by other artist and it now possible to tell a person’s character from the manner they are displayed in portraits. Nymph Of Luo River This is another work of art which has contributed to the growth of the modern day Chinese art. This work of art was based on a poem written by Cao Zhi. This art can be seen as a milestone in the transition from figure painting to landscape painting. It is from the Jin dynasty that artists started to recognize the powerful influence of nature as setting was now seen to be an integral part of displaying themes in paintings. The originating is based on the story of the price Cao zhi meeting a nymph by the Luo River. This story is found in a poem written by Cao zhi himself. The nymph was the daughter of a mythical ruler called Fuxi. This is a doomed romance since the gods and human cannot marry as they live in different worlds. This form of art also shows the

Company law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Company law - Essay Example The duties as well as the obligations of the directors, workers and the other officers are encompassed in Sec 179 of the Corporations Act 2001 (Australian Company Incorporation Services 2012). The Corporations Act 2001 (CTH) is regarded as the company law that exists in Australia. The responsibilities as well as the duties of the directors are specifically mentioned under the law which needs to be abided by the directors of the companies. The laws that are believed to preside over the duties as well as responsibilities of the directors are considered to source or originate from three different areas. The stated areas have been identified as the statute law that is encompassed by the Corporations Act 2001 (CTH), the law made by the judges or common law and the constitution of a particular company (Australian Company Incorporation Services 2012). ... he common law entail that they need to primarily carry out their activities in relation or compliance with the best possible interests concerning the company. The directors should not indulge themselves in any kind of activities that does not represent a proper or appropriate intention. The behavior of the director needs to be performed with care as well as adequate meticulousness. The directors are stated by the law to act in certain ways with the intention to keep away from any kind of disagreements relating to interests. It is also considered quite imperative for the directors to avoid or not get engaged in an activity that involves taking inappropriate advantage of their respective positions as well as information. Finally, it is expected from them to refrain from entering into any kind of business dealings while they are considered to be insolvent (Australian Company Incorporation Services 2012). Qualifying as a director under the Corporations Act 2001 (CTH) implies that few def inite obligations as well as duties need to mandatorily perform by the directors. The violation of the mentioned obligations under the law would lead to strict legal actions against the directors. The directors are also required to discharge few fiduciary duties that are stated under the mentioned law. These kinds of duties that need to be carried out by the directors of the companies entail the rule out of misusing the position of the directors in order to attain any kind of an advantage with regard to their personal interests or even for some other individual. They need to take enough precaution while performing their activities in order to avoid any damage or loss with respect to the related corporation (Australian Company Incorporation Services 2012). The fiduciary duties prohibit the

Free

Free Will and Determination Essay Do you make your own choices or your destiny has been decided for you by circumstances behind your control? For thousands of years, this question has puzzled philosophers, scientist and anyone who thinks about how they choose to act and live. Part of the complexity of the matter is related to the metaphysical nature of the subject which has a close affinity with the concept of GOD. Some people think that Everything that happens in nature and life is predetermined. Morality, love, hate and free will is just an illusion(Ward, 2005) while others think, human beings have an absolute and total freedom to enjoy all the deeds and actions unconstrained by any external forces, fate or divine intervention ( Sadegh, 2011). There are at least three main approaches to the problem of free will and determinism. First is deterministic approach. Determinists main idea is that all events are caused and the caused events are never free, (Ward, 2005). The future state of things can be explained and predicted by knowing the current state of the things and the way they are affected by the work of natural laws, (Ward, 2005). This approach implies that the urge to eat, for example, is governed by our internal need and the search for food is also a natural reaction to this need. When a person is on a diet and limits his food intakes at the time of hunger, the deterministic view explains that this restriction is not by choice but it is a natural response to the health concern. To make things more complicated, if the person fails to follow his diet and fall off the wagon, the failure is attributed to the winning of the hunger force over health conscious force. The Libertarianism approach on the other hand, recognizes free will, and the ability to make choices unconstrained by forces such as physical laws, fate and divine desire. Man’s decisions are influenced, but not caused (Sadegh, 2011). The question of free will has important implications for our moral responsibility. If we do not have free will, and our behavior is determined by what came before us, like our environment, genetics and our parents then what does that mean for our justice system and our idea of crime and punishment? How do we treat individuals who commit crimes if we believe their backgrounds led them to the crimes? The third approach towards the issue of Free will and Determinism is the compatibility view or a combination of both. This simply means that determinism and freewill are not absolute concepts and freedom is compatible with determinism because freedom essentially just a matter of not being constrained in certain way when one acts or makes a choice. The reality is that humans have some degree of free will within the boundaries of determinism. Normal adult human beings in normal circumstances are able to act and choose freely. No one is holding a gun to their heads. Therefore they are fully free to choose and act even if their whole physical and psychological makeup is determined by thing that they had no control over like genetic inheritance and early upbringing. It is true that our choices are limited by some circumstances, but it does not mean that we are not free in those circumstances. Only compulsion, panic or uncontrollable impulse really removes our freedom to choose. Even when our finger is being forced down on the button, we can still act freely in resisting the pressure. Going back to my hunger example, although hunger is a natural reaction to seek food, and man might not have control over this mechanism, he is certainly in control of the way he is reacting toward this need. What to eat, when to eat and even how much to eat, are some of the decisions that man can make. Of course we can’t do everything we want to do, we might want to fry unassisted or end civil war in Africa or even free all women from abuse. But that is not free will, free will is simply a matter of having true and genuine options and opportunities for action, and being able to choose between those options according to what we want and think. One of the strongest evidence for supporting free will is human conscience. When people do something that is against their moral values they feel shame and regret and they try to use their negative experience to avoid making the same mistakes in future. This behavior and emotional response indicate that humans have a free nature. The existence of shame is unexplainable with a deterministic view. The fact that people admire and praise the good and rebuke the evil is also a confirmation of free will. Growing up and going to school in a Muslim society, we were encouraged to think, talk and write about free will and determination. The main reason was to teach us the responsibility of our actions, despite knowing that God is aware and in control of everything. It might have been difficult to understand such a philosophical concept at the time but now I am at peace with this concept due to the early teaching of Islam. Islam provides a comprehensive answer to the Free will and determinism debate. Islam, more than 1200 years ago stated: No Determinism, No Free will but something in between. According to Islam, the choices of man are not entirely determined by God. Man indeed is a free agent and freely makes choices, but these choices are limited. One of the reasons for the creation of the world is to provide a ground for humans to flourish and qualify for divine satisfaction. God will reward or punish people in the hereafter based on their deeds. One way to characterize the concept of ultimate responsibility for one’s action is by refereeing to the story of hell and heaven. If we are responsible for what we do, then it make sense to propose that it could be just to punish some in hell and reward others in heaven. It makes sense because what we do is absolutely up to us. But, one certainly does not have to believe in the story of heaven and hell in order to understand and believe the notion of responsibility. Karl Popper, one of the greatest philosophers of the 20th century also recognised that there had to be some balance between complete determinism (clocks) and complete disorder and chance (clouds), (Haselhurst ,2012). â€Å"What we need for understanding rational human behaviour and indeed, animal behaviour is something intermediate in character between perfect chance and perfect determinism something intermediate between perfect clouds and perfects clocks (Popper, 1972, p.232)† (Haselhurst ,2012). 1. Ward, K. Baron, D’Holbach And Determinism, open source buddhism Oxford University Press (2005) 2. Sadegh, M (2011) Citing website. Free will and determination in Islam. Retrieved Feb 20, 2013, from http://www. bsharat. com/id/1/2/1jabr. html 3. Haselhurst, G, (2012) Citing website. Philosophy of Education. Retrieved Fed 20, 2013, from http://www. spaceandmotion. com/Philosophy-Free-Will-Determinism. htm.

Interrelationship between Psychology and Biology Essay Example for Free

Interrelationship between Psychology and Biology Essay Of late Psychologists have shown a keen interest in Biology, which even today is considered a completely different discipline of study by many. However the fact is that both these disciplines are interconnected. Sickness of the mind affects body and vice versa. According to Nidamboor, â€Å"Stress, depression, and other psychological factors make us vulnerable to many diseases. This is so because the relation between mind and health is balanced not only by our own behavior but also by our biological connections. There are links between our brain and the immune system, which sometimes work in opposite directions.† (para. 5) As a result if we are suffering from a biological disease then it affects are behavior, emotions and interactions with others. In order to get to the crux of behavioral problems it is very important for the psychologists to have a fair idea of the biological history of a person. This approach would positively affect the diagnosis and the psychological treatmments that an individual is undergoing. Psychological problems like anxiety disorders, personality disorders, depressive disorders and behavioral disorders have their roots in the biological problems that one is facing. For example if a person is handicapped he might suffer from bouts of depression due to his inability to be normal as others. Similarly if a person is too fat or too thin then too his emotional well being is affected by his biological body structure. He might indulge in inappropriate eating behaviors and might suffer from a feeling of worthlessness and low self esteem. Hence it is extremely imperative for psychologists to get thorough knowledge about a client’s status of biological wellbeing. Since there is an extraordinary link between our minds and bodies imbalance of either would affect the other and perhaps this is why psychologists are so concerned with biology. References Nidamboor, R. (2009). How psychology affects biology. Retrieved April 25, 2009 from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.mydigitalfc.com/2009/how-psychology-affects-biology

Features Of Controlling Function Business Essay

Features Of Controlling Function Business Essay Management is a a universal phenomenon which mean a concept understood by everyone. Management enables to use the available resources efficiently it is purposive activity which have a purpose or a reason behind each and every function . In an effective management goals are pre-determined ,which means the goals which should be achieved by the organization is finalized earlier by the top level management Management is important for a business for the following reasons: To maintain the internal environment of the company. To get the work done effectively and efficiently Basic administration things which are equal to each employee. Eg :check in/check out time, application for leave. Equity equal treatment in the management . should be treated equally regardless of gender, religion etc. Espirit de corps enjoy the working environment. Nature of management is a serial process which means interaction with the staffs or colleagues Every day we have to interact or speak with the people we work with.natureof management enables to provide information from one person another, vertically or horizontally . Vertical communication takes place when information is transferred from top level management to the lover level staffs or from the lower level staffs to the top level management Horizontal communication takes places when an information is transferred with in the same level employees. For an example if a supervisor transfers an information to another supervisor, then it is known as horizontal communication. This also known as decisional activity .it involves continuous decision making to handle the issue and the problem arised in the company. In order to implement action decision needs to be taken first. This also known as interpersonal activity. Management contain of for function they are: Planning Organizing Leading and directing Controlling Planning The flowing is the process of the planning. Classifying the problem identifying the main task to be done. Establishment of objective. Establishment of planning premises, these are the assumptions made to solve the problem. Choice of alternative, if a plan fails can switch to the alternative plan. Formulation of derivative plans, no need of changing the whole only some parts could be adjusted. Arranging timing and sequence of the operations. Secures Co-Operation: Secures Relationship between the works and top level managements. Follow -Up/appraisal of plan_ This means Others are allowed give feedback regarding the plan. Planning enable stable running of the company and future development and success of the company (prosperity). This also enables innovation Creativity of new Ideas and can achieve better co-ordination from the employees. Organizing : Organizing means putting the right things in the right place and right person in the right place to get the work done properly. Organizing is the first step of implementation. Its because we are physically grouping and dividing the work force. Function of organizing: Act as a frame work within which people can work together effectively. There are actually three areas if objectives or aims. First is the Organizational objective Planning emphasized in the whole thing. Departmental objective- Different departments will have different objectives. Individual objectives each and every employee will have his/her own objective of completing the task given. Finally all the objectives facilitated by the different departments enable to gain the organizational objectives. Organization is important for a company for the following rescores. Allows optimum we of rescores- Using the maximum rescores which is actually needed, Without wasting the resource or using it less Clarifies authority to perform managerial functions. Managerial function means decision making and giving orders and instruction to the sub ordinates and scalar chain refer to the way people are arranged in an organization. Facilitates growth and diversification of business easily. It enables to know how much of the resources would be needed. Leading and directing This refers to giving instructions and guidelines to achieve a pre determined goal. Leading and directing is an important managerial function. Leading and directing helps the organization in the following ways. Building an effective working climate. Creating opportunity for motivation. Supervising to make sure employees are behaving well. Scheduling, tasks given to each employee are finished on a given time. Disciplining, code of conduct/formal relationship Directing is said to be the heart of management process. directing is important to make sure that planes are working. Some characteristics of directing are as follows Pervasive function Required of all level of organization Every manager provides guidelines and inspiration to his sub ordinates however, there should be someone to direct even the supervisors just like the subordinates Continuous activity Direction is a continuous activity as it continues through out the life of the organization Directing is needed till you achieve the goal. Creative activity Directing helps to convert plane in to performance planes(written words ) are implemented (Physically) this means words are converted into physical action during the process of directing . without this function people become inactive and resources are meaningless Controlling Checking current performance and standard performance -goals are met and performance are satisfactory. Controlling is a continuous process which enables to find out how the employees perform. This is also used to make sure the top level management is also doing their job properly . Establishment of standards Measurement of performance The working environment of the work place should be good Communicating with the higher level management Extend of deviation Taking corrective actions Features of Controlling Function Following are the characteristics of controlling function of management- Controlling is an end function-   A function which comes once the performances are made in conformities with plans. Controlling is a pervasive function-   which means it is performed by managers at all levels and in all type of concerns. Controlling is forward looking because effective control is not possible without past being controlled. Controlling always look to future so that follow-up can be made whenever required. Controlling is a dynamic process   since controlling requires taking reviewal methods, changes have to be made wherever possible. Controlling is related with planning   Planning and Controlling are two inseperable functions of management. Without planning, controlling is a controlling succeeds planning. Q4) Planning process Contains of the following points: Classifying the problem- identifying and defining the problem Establishment of objectives- what do you want to achieve/creating aims Establishment of planning premises- assumptions/plans could be changed. Choice of alternative course of action- change into an alternative plan. Formulation of derivation plan- no need of changing the whole plan, only some parts of the plan could be changed. Arranging timing and sequence of operations Securing cooperations- securing the relationships between the workers and top level management. Follow up / Appraisal of plan- allow others to give feedback. Stability-stable running of the company. (controlled by the management). Prosperity-future development and success. Innovation and creativity- new ideas Better co ordination Ensures commitment-giving your 100% Acts as an aid to business system. Q5) management is getting things done by organizing things. Warren Bannis said Managers do things right, leader do the right things. Peter Ducker said , Management is doing thing right, leadership is doing the right things. Management- making the most efficient use of human, physical and financial resources to achieve given objectives, involving and planning, monitoring, coordinating and reviewing activities. Ian Smith, MD, Oracle Management is a science which can be taught while leadership cannot and leadership is more vital in modern business. Role of management Setting objectives and planning Organizing resources to achieve objectives Communicating to and motivating staff Coordinating activities Measuring and controlling performance Leadership influencing others to achieving desired aims and objectives; leaders set the agenda that managers follow. Leadership depends on three things viz. individual, follower,condition. Leadership decides on the direction of the company as per objectives and inspiring the staff to achieve them. Leadership is an important quality of a successful manager. Employees want good leaders and will respond positively to their direction. Some people believe that leaders are born while others believe that leadership can be developed through training. Good leaders shall have the following characteristics Natural confidence and desire to succeed Ability to think creatively and encourage others to do so. Talented in multiple disciplines and handle such discussions Skill to identify the key issue and isolate other issues Q6) According to Herzberg, in order o increase employee satisfaction level, there are two important factors which needs to be present. They are motivation factors and hygiene factors Hygiene factors Factors that needs to be present as an initial motivator for employees to achieve objectives. Motivation factor Factors that can be implemented or used to increase employee motivation level. these are the factors that can be practiced by the organization. Motivation individuals Facilitates goal achievement Gets job satisfaction Self-development; always want to prove yourself Creates a dynamic team Motivation business creates empowered teams to; whatever the work is, employees are willing to complete the task. Input given by each employee is increased With high motivation high challenges better performance level.

Monster.com Essay -- E-commerce Business Monster Jobs Essays

Monster.com Background:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Monster.com is an internet site that is offered as an opportunity for job seekers to examine the market for available positions that will match their requirements. This way job seekers can shop around for a job that will be most appealing to them. The site also offers employers to shop around for the best suited employee since there is availability to post rà ©sumà ©s on the site. This site can be accessed by registering with a user id and have password so regular visits to the site can be established. Monster.com was an idea that came to life under the supervision of its creator, Jeff Taylor. Its road to success was ingenious and in the next couple of pages, we will examine the idea behind the success. Statement of the Problem:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The idea started forming when the creator was put under pressure caused by the situation after the mid 1990’s recession. Jeff Taylor had started ADION, a niche advertising company the specialized in designing traditional recruitment advertisements for high-tech clients. When the economy started recovering after the recession, the clients were hungry for new material that would offer solution for their problems. Taylor was stuck trying to figure a solution.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The second problem was at the time that the idea formed in Taylor’s head, internet was just staring out. It was not known and the possibilities it offered was definitely not as wide as it is today. Many were skeptical of the idea and ADION’s clients were getting cold feet and wanted to withdraw. â€Å"Consensus was that I had lost focus; in their eyes I was doing ‘computer crap’.†, Taylor said about the general opinion about him at the time he was trying to launch his new idea.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Third problem occurred once the site was being launched. There weren’t enough people believing in it and the site did not draw the attention that was counted on. Measures had to be taken to get the site to attract response to the site.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fourth problem was launching the site globally. Definition of key players and explanation of why they are key players:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Most important key player is Jeff Taylor who is the creator of monster.com. Taylor came up with the idea of the monster idea by pure brain storming and he pursued it to the successful position it reached when TMP worldwide bought it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another key player is ADION, the advertising desig... ... might be regarded upon as international, is the fact that job seekers and employers looking for suitable employees, can be found all over the world. The desions however are positively international. Once an internet site is established, there is no limit to where it could be used from. The problem with that is what country does the site offer it services to. When the monster board was established, it dealt solely with the American market. It was the job seekers in America looking for at jobs offered by different companies located in the 50 states of the US.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  But once the acquisition was completed, the site was then formed to suit each one of the countries that TMP was offering it services in. monster.com has already established itself as the number one career helper in many countries, and it yet has plans to enter many more.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The AOL deal is another aspect of monster.com internationality. Since Monster.com became the exclusive career search site for all AOL properties, the penetration into foreign markets has continued. Through AOL, monster.com is able to access people and markets that would not have been possible if they had remained an American private company.

Re-viewing Summer: the Way to Highland Park, A Selection From A Walker In the City :: Kazin Summer Highland Park

Kazin's Summer: The Way to Highland Park Sitting on the marble steps of the old, traditional American church, I began to feel cold. Two oriental lions, carved out of old white marble, surrounded me. Their faces were mean, and they seemed to be staring at something. As the beasts remained perfectly still, tiny creatures – black ants and brown bugs –very busily walked on their backs. As I looked around from my cold spot on the step, I could see an old, brick house. This house was like none other on the block. With a large American flag hanging on the door, this house – a symbol of the American dream – stood taller than all the other houses. My attention then shifted to two great big evergreen trees on each facade, and the beautiful bed of flowers, of all shapes, sizes, and colors, wrapped tightly around the base of the house – the tracings of an American summer. There was a light through the upstairs’ window of the house. I could see a mother sitting with her baby son. Although all I could hear were the many crickets singing softly in the night, I knew that the loving mother was telling a bedtime story to her sweet and sleepy child. My America is a very beautiful place, not only because of the big cities, tall buildings, stone statues, and pretty flowers, but also because of the people who make America what it is today. Knowing within every blue, black, brown, green, and gray eye you see on the streets of America – and like me, every window you look through – there are stories, hopes and even dreams, this thought brings me the greatest pleasure, as it did Alfred Kazin. Kazin’s greatest pleasure came looking at the many historical landmarks that New York had to offer and thinking of the many people who struggled to make those astonishing contributions. In â€Å"Summer: The Way to Highland Park† (1951), Kazin takes us into his childhood in the Brownsville section of Brooklyn, describing his America with such tactile distinction that we too can â€Å"taste the damp sweetness of Italian cheese† and â€Å"see the clumps of red and brown meat dripping off [the] sausage rings† (Kazin 332). â€Å"You cannot grow up in that kind of environment, without absorbing and re-expressing a fantastically physical world,† states Kazin in an National Public Radio news recording.

Spielberg Bio :: essays research papers

Steven Allan Spielberg was born December 18, 1946, in Cincinnati, Ohio, to parents Arnold, an electrical engineer, and Leah, a former concert pianist. Spielberg was raised in Phoenix, Arizona, where his love for film and business savvy were always apparent. At age 12, he used the money he earned from his tree-planting business to fund his first amateur film, for which he also wrote the script. stardom is no science fiction Despite his early experience with filmmaking -- he made Escape to Nowhere, a 40-minute war movie at 13, and a 140-minute film entitled Firelight at 16 (science-fiction, of course) -- he was still rejected from USC's prestigious filmmaking program twice. Spielberg attended California State University instead, where he received his BA in English, and where he also studied cinema. The aspiring filmmaker finally got his rite of passage into television after his short film, Amblin' (also the name of Spielberg's independent company) received much praise at the Atlanta Film Festival. A 20-year-old Spielberg landed a 7-year contract with Universal-MCA, making him one of the youngest TV directors there. Spielberg worked on television shows such as Marcus Welby, M.D. and Colombo, and the pilot episode for the series Night Gallery, which starred Joan Crawford (he and Crawford had remained close friends until her death). As for film, Spielberg worked on made-for-TV movies like Something Evil (1972) and Savage (1973), but it was 1972's Duel which made everyone raise their eyebrows. It became a cult classic and helped forge his way into cinema. express to success Spielberg's entrance into film was marked by 1974's The Sugarland Express, which marked him as a Hollywood up-and-comer. But it was the film Jaws that would not only instill a fear of the ocean for people; it also launched Spielberg to A-list status and solidified what we now know as the summer blockbuster. When Close Encounters of the Third Kind was released in 1977, it was clear that Spielberg was a force to be reckoned with; the Academy also recognized his skills by honoring him with a Best Director Oscar nomination. With hits come misses, and Spielberg had some of those too, namely, his first comedic attempt, 1941. The film flopped, but with the coming of a new decade, Spielberg had the force to strive ahead and become the most powerful director of his time. Spielberg and his buddy, fellow movie powerhouse George Lucas, joined efforts to make a little film called Indiana Jones and the Raiders of the Lost Ark, which Spielberg directed.

Generally Accepted Accounting Principles and Balance Sheet

F? 151. Assets become liabilities when they expire. F152. Revenue results from collection of accounts receivable. F153. A company’s fiscal year must correspond to the calendar year. T154. Accounting periods should be of equal length to facilitate comparison between periods. T155. When there is no direct connection between revenues and costs, the costs are systematically allocated among the periods benefitted. T156. Applying accrual accounting results in a more accurate measurement of profit for the period than does the cash basis of accounting. F157. Adjusting entries affect cash flows in the current period.T158. Revenue cannot be recognized unless delivery of goods has occurred or services have been rendered. F159. Accrual accounting recognizes revenues and expenses at the point that cash changes hands. F160. A deferral is the recognition of an expense that has arisen but has not yet been recorded. T161. Adjusting entries are useful in apportioning costs among two or more acc ounting periods. T162. An adjusting entry includes at least one balance sheet account and at least one income statement account. T163. Recording incurred but unpaid expenses is an example of an accrual. F164.If all transactions were originally recorded in conformity with GAAP, there would be no need for adjusting entries at the end of the period. T165. Every adjusting entry must change both an income statement account and a balance sheet account. F166. When the reduction in prepaid expenses is not properly recorded, this causes the asset accounts and expense accounts to be understated. T167. Accumulated depreciation may be referred to as a contra-asset account. T168. The adjustment to record depreciation of property and equipment consists of a debit to depreciation expense and credit to accumulated depreciation.T169. When services are not paid for until they have been performed, the accrued expense is recorded by an adjusting entry at the end of the accounting period. T170. The amou nt of accrued revenues is recorded by debiting an asset account and crediting an income account. F171. Acquiring a computer for cash is just exchanging one asset for another and will not result in an expense even in future periods. F172. A decrease in an expense account is the equivalent of a decrease in owner’s equity. F173. Accrued revenue is a term used to describe revenue that has been received but not yet earned. T174.Book value is the original cost of a building less depreciation for the year. F175. The adjusting entry to allocate part of a cost of a one-year fire insurance policy to expense will cause total assets to increase. T176. The adjusting entry to recognize earned commission revenues, not previously recorded or billed will cause total assets to increase. F177. The adjusting entry to recognize an expense which is unrecorded and unpaid will cause total assets to increase. T178. The adjusting entry to recognize earned revenues which was received in advance will ca use total liabilities to decrease.F179. The maximum period covered by a worksheet is 6 months. T180. Withdrawals is recorded in the Balance Sheet debit column of the worksheet. F181. The Owner’s capital account is shown in the Income Statement credit column in the worksheet. F182. The Owner’s withdrawal account will not appear on an adjusted trial balance on the worksheet. F183. Accumulated depreciation appears on the income statement. T184. The worksheet is used to pull together up-to-date account balances needed to prepare the financial statements. F185.Financial statements are prepared from the adjusted trial balance of the worksheet. F186. Because adjusting entries are recorded on a worksheet, they do not need to be journalized or posted. T187. A loss occurs when there are more expenses than revenue. T188. If revenue and expenses were equal for an accounting period, the result would be neither profit nor loss. T189. The worksheet is not presented with the financial statements. T190. The third step in worksheet preparation is to enter the adjusted account balances in the adjusted trial balance column.T191. The worksheet is a convenient device for completing the accounting cycle. T192. After all necessary adjustments are entered in the worksheet, the two adjustment columns are totaled to prove the equality of debits and credits. F193. Income and expense accounts are moved to the balance sheet columns of the worksheet. F194. Assets, liabilities capital and withdrawal accounts are extended to the income statement column of the worksheet. T195. The balance of the Unearned Revenues account will appear in the balance sheet credit column of the worksheet. F196.The balance sheet credit column of the worksheet usually contains only the liability and equity accounts. F197. Where the income statement column of the worksheet are totaled the excess of debits over credits is called profit. F198. The totals of the balance sheet columns of the worksheet will usually be the same as the totals appearing in the formal balance sheet. T199. The last step in the worksheet preparation is to enter the profit and loss figure as a balancing figure in the income statement and balance sheet columns. T200. The worksheet helps the accountant discover existing posting and calculation errors.T201. If an asset has been carried to the debit column of the income statement and a similar error occurred involving income or liabilities, the worksheet may appear to be correct but the profit figure is actually misstated. F202. Financial statements are confidential documents which are available only to the owner of the business. T203. The focal point of the accounting cycle is the financial statements. T204. The income statement shows the types and mounts of revenues and expenses for the accounting period. F205. The excess of expenses over revenues is called loss. F206.Expenses are increases in equity caused by the entity’s income-generating activities. F 207. Cash loaned from a bank constitutes income. F208. The statement of changes in equity uses only the profit figure from the income statement to explain the change in equity. T209. The balance sheet provides the financial statement user the type and amount of each asset, liability and capital account at a particular date. T210. The balance sheet is prepared based on the final equity balance in the statement of changes in equity. F211. The account form of balance sheet shows assets, liabilities and equity in a vertical sequence.T212. Financial flexibility is the ability to take effective actions to alter the amounts and timings of cash flows so that it can respond to unexpected needs and opportunities. T213. Solvency refers to the availability of cash over the longer term to meet financial commitments as they fall due. T214. Liquidity refers to the availability of cash in the near future after taking account of the financial commitments over this period. T215. An income statement r efers to the specified period while a balance sheet shows the financial position of the entity at a particular date. T216.Cash flow statement reports the amount of cash received and disbursed during the period. T217. Notes to financial statements include narrative descriptions or more detailed analyses of amounts shown on the face of the balance sheet, income statement, cash flow statement and statement in changes in equity. T218. Accounting policies are the specific principles, bases, conventions, rules and practices adopted by an enterprise in preparing and presenting financial statements. F219. The purchase of an equipment is an example of a financing activity. T220. Buying and producing goods and services are examples of operating activities.T221. The purchase of land is an example of an investing activity. F222. Paying taxes to the government is an example of financing activity. T223. Financial position may be assessed by referring to the balance sheet. T224. The statement in c hanges in equity discloses the withdrawals during the period. F225. The heading of the income statement might include the â€Å"As of December 31, 2011. † T226. The balance sheet is also known as the statement of financial position. T227. The statement of cash flows discloses significant events related to the operating, investing and financing activities of the business.T228. The statement of changes in equity relates the income statement to the balance sheet by showing how the owner’s capital account changed during the accounting period. F229. The account Commissions Earned would appear on the balance sheet. F230. The account Wages Payable would appear in the income statement. T231. Financial statements cannot be prepared correctly until all the accounts have been adjusted. F232. A worksheet is more useful for a small company than a large one. T233. Working papers provide a written record of the work performed by an accountant or auditor. T234.The worksheet is a type of accountant’s working paper. F235. The amount for owner’s withdrawal will appear in the income statement column of a worksheet. T236. The adjusted trial balance columns of the worksheet are prepared by combining the trial balance and adjustments column. T237. When the Income Statement columns of the worksheet are initially footed, they should be out of balance by the amount of profit and loss. F238. When the balance sheet columns of the worksheet are initially footed, they should be in balance. F239. The worksheet should be prepared after the formal financial statements have been prepared.T240. An important use of the worksheet is an aid in the preparation of financial statements. 241. The worksheet is prepared after the formal adjusting and closing entries. 242. On a worksheet, the balance of the owner’s Capital account is its ending amount for the period. 243. The amount placed opposite the owner’s Capital account in the Balance Sheet columns of the w orksheet is the amount to be reflected for owner’s Capital on the Balance Sheet. 244. The balances of the Accumulated Depreciation accounts will appear on the credit side of the worksheet’s Balance Sheet Columns. 245.The balance sheet may be prepared by referring solely to the Balance Sheet columns of the worksheet. 246. When adjusting entries are entered onto a worksheet, it is not necessary to record them in the general journal. 247. Total assets, total liabilities and owner’s equity on the balance sheet are the same as the totals of the Balance Sheet columns on the worksheet. 248. The amount of owner’s withdrawals can be found on the worksheet. 249. After the adjusting and closing entries have been recorded and posted, the general ledger accounts that appear on the balance sheet have no balances. 250.General account balances agree with those in the financial statements even before adjusting and closing entries are recorded and posted. 251. The income s ummary account is used to close the income and expense accounts. 252. The balance of the owner’s Capital account represents the cumulative net result of income, expense and withdrawal transactions. 253. Closing entries clear income and expense accounts at the end of the period. 254. The post-closing trial balance contains asset, liability, withdrawal and capital accounts. 255. The final trial balance is called a post-closing trial balance. 56. A reversing entry is a journal entry which is the exact opposite of a related adjusting entry made at the end of the period. 257. To simplify the recording of regular transactions in the next accounting period, all adjusting journal entries are reversed. 258. Post-closing trial balance tests the equality of the accounts after adjustments and the closing entries are posted. 259. Trial balances are prepared to ensure that no entries have been omitted. 260. In the accounting cycle, closing entries are prepared before adjusting entries. 261 .In the accounting cycle, information from source documents is initially recorded in the journal. 262. Nominal accounts are reduced to zero by closing entries. 263. Closing entries deal primarily with the balances of real accounts. 264. The only accounts that are closed are the income statement accounts. 265. Closing entries result in the transfer of profit or loss into the owner’s Capital account. 266. After all closing entries have been entered and posted, the balance of the income summary account will be zero. 267. Depreciation Expense-Building is a permanent account. 68. Supplies expense is a temporary account. 269. A revenue account is closed with a credit to the revenue account and a debit to income summary. 270. An expense account is closed with a debit to the expense account and a credit to income summary.271. Income Summary is closed with a debit to income summary and a credit to the owner’s Withdrawals account. 272. When profit or loss is exactly zero, one of the usual closing entries will be avoided. 273. The Income Summary account appears in the income statement. 274. Temporary accounts are also known as real accounts. 75. During the closing process, revenues are transferred to the credit side of the Income Summary account. 276. During the closing process, expenses are transferred to the credit side of the Income Summary account. 277. All nominal accounts must be closed before the Income Summary account can be closed. 278. The post-closing trial balance will have fewer accounts than the adjusted trial balance. 279. The balances of all accounts that appear on the balance sheet are the same on the adjusted trial balance as they are on a post closing trial balance. 280.There is sufficient information on a post-closing trial balance to prepare an income statement. 281. The post-closing trial balance will contain only real accounts. 282. The Income Summary account will appear on the post-closing trial balance. 283. There is sufficient info rmation on a post-closing trial balance to prepare a balance sheet. 284. There is sufficient information on a post-closing trial balance to prepare a statement of changes in equity. 285. If the post-closing trial balance does not balance, then the error/s definitely occurred at some point during the closing process. 86. The adjusting entries involving Rent Receivable and Salaries Payable could be reversed. 287. The adjusting entries involving Depreciation Expense-Building and Supplies Expense could be reversed. 288. A reversing entry will include either a debit to a revenue account or a credit to an expnseaccount. 289. Reversing entries are never required. 290. Reversing entries can be made for deferrals but not for accruals. 291. Reversing entries are made to correct errors in the account. 292. The purpose of reversing entry is to simplify the bookkeeping process. 293.Adjusting entries are all dated as at the first day of the new accounting period. 294. Closing entries can be prepa red by referring solely to the income statement columns of the worksheet. 295. The chart of accounts for a merchandising entity differs from that of a service entity. 296. The difference between revenue from sales and cost of sales is operating income. 297. For cash sales, the operating cycle is from cash to inventory to accounts receivable and back to cash. 298. The bill of lading is a document prepared by the seller detailing the terms of delivery. 99. A validated deposit slip indicates that cash and checks were actually deposited. 300. Discounts offered to the buyer to encourage early payment are trade discounts. 301. Cash discounts are called purchase discounts from the buyer’s viewpoint. 302. The sales discounts account is a contra-income account and will have a debit balance. 303. A credit term of 2/10 n/30 means that the buyer may deduct 3% from the invoice if payment is made within 10 days from the end of the month. 304. Purchases return and allowances is a deduction from purchases. 305.The cost of merchandise purchased during the period is determined by subtracting from the net purchases the amount of transportation costs incurred during the period. 306. The purchase of equipment not for resale should be debited to the purchases account. 307. If the seller is to shoulder the cost of delivery, the term is stated as F. O. B destination. 308. The term freight prepaid or collect will dictate who shoulders the transportation costs. 309. The two main systems for accounting for merchandise are periodic and perpetual. 310. The perpetual inventory system requires recording the cost of each sale as it occurs. 11. There is no need for a physical inventory count in the perpetual inventory system. 312. The debit balance in the inventory account in the trial balance under the periodic inventory system is the amount of inventory at the end of the current year.313. The ending inventory of one period is the beginning inventory of the next period. 314. The balan ce in the merchandise inventory account at the beginning of the period represents the cost of merchandise on hand at that time. 315. The operating cycle involves the purchase and sale of inventory as well as the subsequent payment for purchase and collection of cash. 16. A business can shorten its operating cycle by increasing the percentage of cash sales and reducing the percentage of credit sales.317. Merchandise inventory could include goods in transit. 318. An advantage of using the periodic inventory system is that it requires less recordkeeping than the perpetual inventory system. 319. The periodic inventory system relies on a physical count of merchandise for its balance sheet account. 320. Under the periodic inventory system, the cost of goods sold is treated as an account. 321. The periodic inventory system provides an up-to-date inventory on hand.322. Summing ending merchandise inventory and cost of goods sold gives the cost of goods available for sale. 323. A physical inv entory is usually taken at the end of the accounting period. 324. Under the periodic inventory system , purchases of merchandise are not recorded in the Merchandise Inventory account. 325. A company would be more likely to know the amount of inventory on hand if I it used the periodic inventory system ra of all merchandisether than the perpetual inventory system. 326. Taking a physical inventory refers to making a count of all merchandise on hand at a particular time. 327.When the periodic inventory system is used , a physical inventory should be taken at the end of the fiscal year. 328. The income statement of a company that provides services only will not have cost of goods sold. 329. For a merchandising company, the difference between the net sales and operating expenses is called a gross margin. 330. Sales return and allowances is described a contra-revenue account. 331. On the income statement of a merchandising concern, profit is the amount by which net sales exceed operating expenses. 332. Transportation out is included in the cost of goods sold calculation. 33. Advertising expense appears as a selling expense on the income statement. 334. Transportation in is considered a cost of merchandise purchased. 335. The difference between gross sales and net sales is equal to the sum of sales discounts and sales returns and allowances.336. When the terms of sale include a sales discount, it usually is advisable for the buyer to pay within the discount period. 337. The terms 2/10, n/30 mean that a 2% discount is allowed on payments made over 10 days but before 30 days after the invoice date. 338. Terms 2/10, n/30 is an example of a trade discount. 39. Goods should be recorded at their list price less any trade discounts involved. 340. FOB Shipping point means that the seller incurs the shipping costs. 341. Under the perpetual inventory system, the cost of merchandise is debited to Merchandise Inventory at the time of purchase.342. The merchandise inventory accou nt is not affected when a sales allowance is granted. 343. Ending merchandise inventory is included in the calculation of cost of goods available for sale. 344. Ending merchandise inventory for year 1 automatically becomes the beginning inventory for year 2. 45. The calculation of cost of goods available for sale during the year is not affected by the previous year’s ending inventory. 346. The change in inventory level from the beginning to the end of the year affect cost of goods sold. 347. Transportation In is treated as a deduction in the cost of goods sold section of the income statement. 348. Under the periodic inventory system, the Purchases account is used to accumulate all purchases of merchandise for resale.349. Cost of goods sold is the primary difference between a merchandising and a service business income statement. 350. Debiting income summary and crediting beginning merchandise inventory eliminates the beginning inventory at the end of the period. 351. Cost of goods sold is a major expense of a merchandising business. 352. Using the nature of expense method of presenting expenses in the income statement has the advantage of simplicity because no allocation of operating expenses between functional classifications is necessary. 353. The function of expense method reports gross margin and income from operations. 354. Operating income is not computed in the nature of expense method.355.Gross margin from sales is the income that the business would have made if all goods available for sale had been sold during the period. 356. The excess of gross profit over operating expenses is called operating profit. 357. In the worksheet, the ending inventory amount will appear in the income statement credit column and the balance sheet debit column. 358. The determination of net cost of purchase would include addition of transportation out. 359. The traditional balance sheet arrangement of assets on the left-hand side with the liabilities and ownerâ€℠¢s equity on the right-hand side is called the report form. 360. Net sales is not an account name. 361. In the income statement, operating expenses are classified as selling expenses, administrative expenses and other operating expenses. 362. The sales return and allowances has a normal debit balance. 363. The closing entry for transportation in debits purchases and credits income summary. 364. Both Transportation In and Transportation Out accounts are closed by crediting the accounts. 365. On the worksheet of a merchandising company that uses the perpetual inventory system, the Merchandise inventory account balance is not adjusted.366.When using the perpetual inventory system, the Merchandise inventory account will not appear in the closing entries. 367. The worksheet of a merchandising company that uses the perpetual inventory system will not have a Transportation In account. 368. When preparing a worksheet for a merchandising company that uses the perpetual inventory system, the cost of goods sold can be derived from the balances of several account in the income statement column. 369. Under the perpetual inventory system, the ending merchandise inventory balance is closed at the same time as cost of goods sold.370.When preparing a worksheet for a merchandising company that uses the periodic inventory system, the merchandise inventory amount shown on the trial balance will be carried over the Balance Sheet debit column. 371. On the worksheet of a merchandising company that uses the periodic inventory system, both Purchase and Purchases Returns and Allowances appear in the Income Statement column. 372. The Purchases account is closed to the Merchandise Inventory account. 373. The ending inventory amount appears in both Income Statement columns on the worksheet of a merchandising company that uses the periodic inventory system. 74. Under the periodic inventory system, the Merchandise Inventory account appears in the closing entries made at the end of the perio d. 375. When preparing closing entries under the periodic inventory system, Sales, Purchases Returns an Allowances are both closed in the same entry. 376. Sales discount is a contra-revenue account with a normal credit balance.377. Purchases discount would be recorded as a credit. 378. Transactions involving the payment of cash for any purpose are usually recorded in the cash journal. 379. Special journals are modified in practice to adapt to the specific needs of an entity. 80. The primary ledger that contains all the balance sheet accounts and income statement accounts is called the general ledger. 381. At the end of each month, the total of the amount column of the sales journal is posted as a debit to accounts receivable and credit to sales. 382. After postings have been completed for the month, if the sum of the balances in the accounts receivable subsidiary ledger does not agree with the balance of the accounts receivable In the general ledger, the errors must be located and c orrected. 383. Sales on ccount of office equipment used in the business would be recorded in the sales journal.384. Each amount in the other accounts column of the cash receipts journal must be posted individually to the appropriate general ledger account. 385. When there are numerous accounts with a common characteristic, it is common to place them in a separate ledger called a detail ledger. 386. The sale of merchandise for cash is recorded in the sales journal. 387. The total of the other accounts column of the cash receipts journal is not posted to the general ledger. 88. When special journals, control accounts, and subsidiary ledgers are used, no posting to any ledger is performed until the end of the month. 389. For each transaction recorded in the purchases journal, the credit is entered in the accounts payable column. 390. Acquisitions on account which are not provided for in a special debit column are recorded in the other accounts column in the purchases journal. 391. Debi ts to creditor’s accounts for invoices paid are recorded in the accounts payable debit column of the cash payments journal. 392.Comparing the purchase order with the receiving report will show that all the goods ordered actually arrived and all goods that arrived were actually ordered. 393. The total of the accounts payable in the cash payments journal is posted at the end of the month as a debit to accounts payable and a credit to cash. 394. When customers are allowed to return for credit to their accounts, these transactions are recorded in the general journal. 395. A check register is used to record all expenditures. 396. The voucher register is a substitute for a sales journal. 397. The voucher register takes the place of the cash payments journal.

Resolving Ethical Business Challenges Essay

1. Identify the ethical and legal issues of which Albert needs to be aware. a. Barry putting Albert or Mary’s trade before the client order, this is called spinning and is considered unethical. And you have Barry demanding insider information on several companies b. Hostile Takeover, the union would do everything in its power to oust the old management, and welcome the new management. c. Albert’s uncle giving him inside information on a number of companies about to file bankruptcy. d. Buy stock for boss and boss’s friends, and they’ll give him a bonus. 2. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each decision that Albert could make and has made. a. If Albert gives Barry the information, he will get to keep his connections and will not get exposed for spinning. – The disadvantage if Albert doesn’t give Barry the information, he will lose connections, get exposed, and Albert would be known as an unethical/immoral person. b. Hostile takeover kept drawing bigger clientele, and a big payoff. – Disadvantage it was unethical to for him to make the deal with the union, and he would lose lots of money and upset his father-in-law. c. Albert made money from his uncle’s information. –Disadvantage Albert would lose money. d. If Albert buys the boss and the boss’s friends their stock, the advantage for Albert is the bonus he’ll receive. Disadvantages; unethical incentives and the investment risk. 3. Identify the pressures that have brought about these issues. a. Albert’s wife losing her job b. Albert’s parents are unhappy with him for marrying a non-Chinese woman, his parents want them to move to Taiwan, but Mary did not like the idea of leaving the United States and raising children in an unfamiliar culture. c. Mary and Albert made some unethical career appearance decisions with the car, clothing, and clubs. d. Mary’s father wanting to change the management in the health care company in an unethical manner.

Building energy management system (bems) Essay

Procurement Category: Energy What’s Wrong with Traditional Energy Management? Start Realizing Untapped Savings Opportunities and Tame Volatile Energy Costs Traditional Energy Management Approaches are Falling Short— How to Fix the Problem Energy utility costs—primarily natural gas and electricity—account for one to two percent of sales for the average business, and can be as much as four to five percent of cost of goods sold for manufacturers. With energy prices turning volatile, corporate management teams are exposed to the risk of unanticipated movements in energy costs. They are feeling relatively helpless because of the perceived inability to proactively manage regulated energy costs. At the same time, firms are publicly committing to sustainability goals and are now wondering how they will achieve them. Although many firms have implemented short-term measures to address energy costs and sustainability commitments, these efforts are falling short. Our benchmark data and research i ndicates that for most firms, 50 percent of their initial energy savings disappear within the first six to 12 months due to a lack of continuous monitoring, analysis and corrective action. However, significant opportunity to deliver value remains. Analysis from the U.S. Department of Energy indicates firms that embrace continuous monitoring and active energy management practices can achieve 15 to 40 percent energy savings. Conduct an energy audit: To establish an energy consumption baseline—a basic requirement for successful energy cost optimization— firms deploy monitoring devices to measure energy usage from the facility level down to the machine level. Implement audit recommendations: After assessing energy consumption levels and trends down to the machine level, managers can implement process changes to optimize energy consumption. Actions may range from policy formulation (shutting down computers at night, turning off idle equipment, etc.) to automation (automatically turning off lights) to equipment optimization (changing set-points on heavy machinery and equipment). Invest in high-efficiency equipment: With a full view of the energy consumption and equipment efficiency profile of the enterprise, firms can strategically invest in high-efficiency equipment. These capital upgrades can lower energy consumption and may also qualify for rebates and incentives that can significantly enhance potential return on investment (ROI). Figure 1: This paper looks at why traditional approaches are failing, and outlines an active energy management approach that changes the game and generates sustainable energy cost reductions. Typical Monitoring Savings Typical energy management strategies—and why they fail to deliver sustainable value. For example, when firms conduct energy audits, employees and equipment operators are aware that their energy usage is being monitored and they make changes to reduce consumption, such as turning off idle equipment. But when monitors are removed, initial savings peak and then slowly erode as employee behavior returns to normal. Similarly, when firms implement process changes, substantial initial savings accrue. However, when the monitors come off, gains decline as equipment schedules change. Operators go back to the old way of doing things and set-points revert to old levels. In addition, without detailed machine-level consumption data as a baseline (as opposed to a point-in-time snapshot), analysts are unable to come up with truly optimal process improvements because the data is not granular enough. Finally, with capital equipment upgrades, savings targets are seldom realized due to unrealistic operating assumptions used to build ROI cases and most firms’ lack of market intelligence about the complex array of incentives and rebates. 50% Savings A review of more than 100 companies and their practices reveal that most firms take three common actions to address the energy management challenge: Although these traditional energy management techniques can yield quick-hit results, there is a common pitfall: when the meters come off, it is back to business as usual and the savings disappear. â€Å"50 percent of initial energy savings disappear within the first six to 12 months due to a lack of continuous monitoring, analysis and corrective action† Months from start 2 A four-step Active Energy Management approach Recognizing where most initiatives fall short, an integrated, four-part Active Energy Management strategy can stop the bleeding and address traditional energy management shortcomings: There are several keys to making energy savings persistent. First, take monitoring and measurement from a one-time analysis to an ongoing, active competency. Leading firms use 24Ãâ€"7 advanced metering and monitoring technology with skilled analysts to proactively monitor energy consumption data and patterns. Continuous monitoring helps mitigate the savings leakage described earlier. Active monitoring allows managers to see—in near realtime—if employee behavior is beginning to change or old habits are starting to return, and identify the root causes when actual energy consumption differs from projections. In addition to preventing savings leakage, active monitoring helps identify new, incremental energy savings opportunitie s, raising the cumulative savings realized. Copyright  © 2014 Accenture All rights reserved. Go deeper: Use machine-level consumption data to drive sustainable process optimization. With a detailed understanding of energy consumption down to the individual equipment level, managers can implement detailed process optimization programs, such as changing set-points for heavy machinery. For example, an air compressor energy consumption study (see figure 2) revealed an opportunity to adjust the operating mode from continuous to throttled, resulting in 7 percent energy savings verified by ongoing measurement. In another example, adjusting improper temperature set-points in a chiller plant based on thorough analysis of usage data resulted in 30 percent energy savings. With the right intelligence and detailed monitoring, energy analysts can assess performance and immediately stop energy savings leakage. Analysts also can spot potential maintenance issues and proactively investigate when machinelevel performance deviates from expectations. Figure 2: 250 Baseline Model Target Model Baseline Data Actual Data 200 Air Compressor (kw) Get persistent: Apply â€Å"Active Energy Management† and take monitoring from a onetime activity to an active, ongoing analytical competency. 150 100 50 0 0 20 40 60 80 Air Demand (SCFM) based on Actual Production 100 3 Leverage insight: Use energy demand insight to enhance capital investment decisions and capture incentives and rebates to drive higher ROI. A comprehensive understanding of the consumption profile of the existing asset base enables much better capital investment decisions. Armed with detailed data and realistic energy consumption estimates, managers can rationally weigh the benefits of energy-efficient new equipment versus their purchase costs and other related expenses (decommissioning and disposal cost, production downtime, etc.). Beyond energy data, deep market intelligence of credits, incentives, and local, state and federal rebates can dramatically alter the ROI pr ofile of new capital investments. The opportunities are substantial: In 2011 alone, governments, nongovernmental organizations and utilities distributed more than $6.8 billion in cash payments to promote energy efficiency initiatives. Tackle the supply side: Extend Active Energy Management to integrated energy supply and demand management to drive the next level of savings. As this paper describes, current energy management practices are not delivering on their promises. The short-term benefits of energy audits and near-term recommendations quickly fade without continuous monitoring. On the other hand, Active Energy Management, which includes continuous monitoring and analysis, prevents the traditional savings leakage seen in most energy management programs. It also provides the data and insight that analysts and managers need to identify new savings opportunities and drive continuous improvement and cumulative energy savings benefits. With an established platform of ongoing measurement and management, firms can take energy savings to the next level. Detailed understanding of historical and planned consumption allows for acceleration of supply side strategies. For example, in deregulated markets, the accuracy with which a firm can predict its energy usage determines its ability to secure favorable energy rates by minimizing bandwidth charges. Energy consumers can also capture other savings through techniques like load shifting (shifting usage into lower-rate time periods) and peak shaving. Finally, in regulated markets, contrary to popular belief, firms can optimize their energy expenditures by taking advantage of the various rate structures available to purchasers and being aware of which available rates may be applicable to them. Conclusion Energy and utilities represent a significant and highly volatile area of expenditure for most businesses. However, traditional energy management approaches frequently fail to deliver sustainable results. Many managers consider high energy spend as an area that cannot be addressed due to market regulations and commodity volatility. However, with continuous monitoring and Active Energy Management programs, leading firms can obtain substantial energy cost savings through better energy demand management, sustain those savings through ongoing monitoring and optimize energy purchases with deep market intelligence.

Animal Nutrition: Distinguish Macronutrients and Micronutrients Essay

There are seven major classes of nutrients: carbohydrates, fats, fiber, minerals, protein, vitamin, and water. These nutrient classes can be categorized as either macronutrients (needed in relatively large amounts) or micronutrients (needed in smaller quantities). The macronutrients are carbohydrates, fats, fiber, proteins, and water. The micronutrients are minerals and vitamins. The macronutrients (excluding fiber and water) provide structural material (amino acids from which proteins are built, and lipids from which cell membranes and some signaling molecules are built) and energy. Some of the structural material can be used to generate energy internally, and in either case it is measured in joules or calories (sometimes called â€Å"kilocalories† and on other rare occasions written with a capital C to distinguish them from little ‘c’ calories). Carbohydrates and proteins provide 17 kJ approximately (4 kcal) of energy per gram, while fats provide 37 kJ (9 kcal) per gram.,[1] though the net energy from either depends on such factors as absorption and digestive effort, which vary substantially from instance to instance. Vitamins, minerals, fiber, and water do not provide energy, but are required for other reasons. A third class dietary material, fiber (i.e., non-digestible material such as cellulose), seems also to be required, for both mechanical and biochemical reasons, though the exact reasons remain unclear. Molecules of carbohydrates and fats consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. Carbohydrates range from simple monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose) to complex polysaccharides (starch). Fats are triglycerides, made of assorted fatty acid monomers bound to glycerolbackbone. Some fatty acids, but not all, are essential in the diet: they cannot be synthesized in the body. Protein molecules contain nitrogen atoms in addition to carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen. The fundamental components of protein are nitrogen-containing amino acids, some of which areessential in the sense that humans cannot make them internally. Some of the amino acids are convertible (with the expenditure of energy) to glucose and can be used for energy production just as ordinary glucose. By breaking down existing protein, some glucose can be produced internally; the remaining amino acids are discarded, primarily as urea in urine. This occurs normally only during prolonged starvation. Family| Sources| Possible Benefits| flavonoids| berries, herbs, vegetables, wine, grapes, tea| general antioxidant, oxidation of LDLs, prevention of arteriosclerosis and heart disease| isoflavones (phytoestrogens)| soy, red clover, kudzu root| general antioxidant, prevention of arteriosclerosis and heart disease, easing symptoms of menopause, cancer prevention[18]| isothiocyanates| cruciferous vegetables| cancer prevention| monoterpenes| citrus peels, essential oils, herbs, spices, green plants, atmosphere[19]| cancer prevention, treating gallstones| organosulfur compounds| chives, garlic, onions| cancer prevention, lowered LDLs, assistance to the immune system| saponins| beans, cereals, herbs| Hypercholesterolemia, Hyperglycemia, Antioxidant, cancer prevention,Anti-inflammatory| capsaicinoids| all capiscum (chile) peppers| topical pain relief, cancer prevention, cancer cell apoptosis| ————————————————- Carbohydrates Carbohydrates may be classified as monosaccharides, disaccharides, or polysaccharides depending on the number of monomer (sugar) units they contain. They constitute a large part of foods such as rice, noodles, bread, and other grain-based products. Monosaccharides contain one sugar unit, disaccharides two, and polysaccharides three or more. Polysaccharides are often referred to as complex carbohydrates because they are typically long multiple branched chains of sugar units. The difference is that complex carbohydrates take longer to digest and absorb since their sugar units must be separated from the chain before absorption. The spike in blood glucose levels after ingestion of simple sugars is thought to be related to some of the heart and vascular diseases which have become more frequent in recent times. Simple sugars form a greater part of modern diets than formerly, perhaps leading to more cardiovascular disease. The degree of causation is still not clear, however. Fat A molecule of dietary fat typically consists of several fatty acids (containing long chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms), bonded to a glycerol. They are typically found as triglycerides (three fatty acids attached to one glycerol backbone). Fats may be classified as saturated or unsaturateddepending on the detailed structure of the fatty acids involved. Saturated fats have all of the carbon atoms in their fatty acid chains bonded to hydrogen atoms, whereas unsaturated fats have some of these carbon atoms double-bonded, so their molecules have relatively fewer hydrogen atoms than a saturated fatty acid of the same length. Unsaturated fats may be further classified as monounsaturated (one double-bond) or polyunsaturated (many double-bonds). Furthermore, depending on the location of the double-bond in the fatty acid chain, unsaturated fatty acids are classified as omega-3 or omega-6 fatty acids. Trans fats are a type of unsaturated fat with trans-isomer bonds; these are rare in nature and in foods from natural sources; they are typically created in an industrial process called (partial) hydrogenation. Many studies have shown that unsaturated fats, particularly monounsaturated fats, are best in the human diet. Saturated fats, typically from animal sources, are next, while trans fats are to be avoided. Saturated and some trans fats are typically solid at room temperature (such as butter orlard), while unsaturated fats are typically liquids (such as olive oil or flaxseed oil). Trans fats are very rare in nature, but have properties useful in the food processing industry, such as rancid resistance.[citation needed] Essential fatty acids Most fatty acids are non-essential, meaning the body can produce them as needed, generally from other fatty acids and always by expending energy to do so. However, in humans at least two fatty acids are essential and must be included in the diet. An appropriate balance of essential fatty acids -— omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids -— seems also important for health, though definitive experimental demonstration has been elusive. Both of these â€Å"omega† long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids are substrates for a class of eicosanoids known as prostaglandins, which have roles throughout the human body. They are hormones, in some respects. The omega-3 eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), which can be made in the human body from the omega-3 essential fatty acid alpha-linolenic acid (LNA), or taken in through marine food sources, serves as a building block for series 3 prostaglandins (e.g. weakly inflammatory PGE3). The omega-6 dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA) serves as a building block for series 1 prostaglandins (e.g. anti-inflammatory PGE1), whereas arachidonic acid (AA) serves as a building block for series 2 prostaglandins (e.g. pro-inflammatory PGE 2). Both DGLA and AA can be made from the omega-6 linoleic acid (LA) in the human body, or can be taken in directly through food. An appropriately balanced intake of omega-3 and omega-6 partly determines the relative production of different prostaglandins: one reason a balance between omega-3 and omega-6 is believed important for cardiovascular health. In industrialized societies, people typically consume large amounts of processed vegetable oils, which have reduced amounts of the essential fatty acids along with too much of omega-6 fatty acids relative to omega-3 fatty acids. The conversion rate of omega-6 DGLA to AA largely determines the production of the prostaglandins PGE1 and PGE2. Omega-3 EPA prevents AA from being released from membran es, thereby skewing prostaglandin balance away from pro-inflammatory PGE2 (made from AA) toward anti-inflammatory PGE1 (made from DGLA). Moreover, the conversion (desaturation) of DGLA to AA is controlled by the enzyme delta-5-desaturase, which in turn is controlled by hormones such as insulin (up-regulation) and glucagon (down-regulation). The amount and type of carbohydrates consumed, along with some types of amino acid, can influence processes involving insulin, glucagon, and other hormones; therefore the ratio of omega-3 versus omega-6 has wide effects on general health, and specific effects on immune function and inflammation, and mitosis (i.e. cell division). Good sources of essential fatty acids include most vegetables, nuts, seeds, and marine oils,[2] Some of the best sources are fish, flax seed oils, soy beans, pumpkin seeds, sunflower seeds, and walnuts. Fiber Dietary fiber is a carbohydrate (or a polysaccharide) that is incompletely absorbed in humans and in some animals. Like all carbohydrates, when it is metabolized it can produce four calories (kilocalories) of energy per gram. But in most circumstances it accounts for less than that because of its limited absorption and digestibility. Dietary fiber consists mainly of cellulose, a large carbohydrate polymer that is indigestible because humans do not have the required enzymes to disassemble it. There are two subcategories: soluble and insoluble fiber. Whole grains, fruits (especiallyplums, prunes, and figs), and vegetables are good sources of dietary fiber. Fiber is important to digestive health and is thought to reduce the risk of colon cancer.[citation needed] For mechanical reasons it can help in alleviating both constipation and diarrhea. Fiber provides bulk to the intestinal contents, and insoluble fiber especially stimulates peristalsis — the rhythmic muscular contractions of the intestines which move digesta along the digestive tract. Some soluble fibers produce a solution of high viscosity; this is essentially a gel, which slows the movement of food through the intestines. Additionally, fiber, perhaps especially that from whole grains, may help lessen insulin spikes and reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes. Protein Proteins are the basis of many animal body structures (e.g. muscles, skin, and hair). They also form the enyzmes which control chemical reactions throughout the body. Each molecule is composed of amino acids which are characterized by inclusion of nitrogen and sometimes sulphur (these components are responsible for the distinctive smell of burning protein, such as the keratin in hair). The body requires amino acids to produce new proteins (protein retention) and to replace damaged proteins (maintenance). As there is no protein or amino acid storage provision, amino acids must be present in the diet. Excess amino acids are discarded, typically in the urine. For all animals, some amino acids are essential (an animal cannot produce them internally) and some are non-essential (the animal can produce them from other nitrogen-containing compounds). About twenty amino acids are found in the human body, and about ten of these are essential, and therefore must be included in the diet. A diet that contains adequate amounts of amino acids (especially those that are essential) is particularly important in some situations: during early development and maturation, pregnancy, lactation, or injury (a burn, for instance). A complete protein source contains all the essential amino acids; an incomplete protein source lacks one or more of the essential amino acids. It is possible to combine two incomplete protein sources (e.g. rice and beans) to make a complete protein source, and characteristic combinations are the basis of distinct cultural cooking traditions. Sources of dietary protein include meats, tofu and other soy-products, eggs, grains, legumes, and dairy products such as milk and cheese. A few amino acids from protein can be converted into glucose and used for fuel through a process called gluconeogenesis; this is done in quantity only during starvation. The amino acids remaining after such conversion are discarded. Vitamins As with the minerals discussed above, some vitamins are recognized as essential nutrients, necessary in the diet for good health. (Vitamin D is the exception: it can alternatively be synthesized in the skin, in the presence of UVB radiation.) Certain vitamin-like compounds that are recommended in the diet, such as carnitine, are thought useful for survival and health, but these are not â€Å"essential† dietary nutrients because the human body has some capacity to produce them from other compounds. Moreover, thousands of different phytochemicals have recently been discovered in food (particularly in fresh vegetables), which may have desirable properties including antioxidant activity (see below); experimental demonstration has been suggestive but inconclusive. Other essential nutrients not classed as vitamins include essential amino acids (see above),choline, essential fatty acids (see above), and the minerals discussed in the preceding section. Vitamin deficiencies may result in disease conditions: goitre, scurvy, osteoporosis, impaired immune system, disorders of cell metabolism, certain forms of cancer, symptoms of premature aging, and poor psychological health (including eating disorders), among many others.[6] Excess of some vitamins is also dangerous to health (notably vitamin A), and for at least one vitamin, B6, toxicity begins at levels not far above the required amount. Deficiency or excess of minerals can also have serious health consequences. Water About 70% of the non-fat mass of the human body is made of water[7] . Analysis of Adipose Tissue in Relation to Body Weight Loss in Man. Retrieved from Journal of Applied To function properly, the body requires between one and seven liters of water per day to avoid dehydration; the precise amount depends on the level of activity, temperature, humidity, and other factors.[citation needed] With physical exertion and heat exposure, water loss increases and daily fluid needs will eventually increase as well. It is not fully clear how much water intake is needed by healthy people, although some experts assert that 8–10 glasses of water (approximately 2 liters) daily is the minimum to maintain proper hydration.[8] The notion that a person should consume eight glasses of water per day cannot be traced to a credible scientific source.[9] The effect of, greater or lesser, water intake on weight loss and on constipation is also still unclear.[10] The original water intake recommendation in 1945 by the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Research Council read: â€Å"An ordinary standard for diverse persons is 1 milliliter for each calorie of food. Most of this quantity is contained in prepared foods.†[11] The latest dietary reference intake report by theUnited States National Research Council recommended, generally, (including food sources): 2.7 liters of water total for women and 3.7 liters for men.[12] Specifically, pregnant and breastfeeding women need additional fluids to stay hydrated. According to the Institute of Medicine—who recommend that, on average, women consume 2.2 litres and men 3.0 litres—this is recommended to be 2.4 litres (approx. 9 cups) for pregnant women and 3 litres (approx. 12.5 cups) for breastfeeding women since an especially large amount of fluid is lost during nursing.[13] For those who have healthy kidneys, it is somewhat difficult to drink too much water,[citation needed] but (especially in warm humid weather and while exercising) it is dangerous to drink too little. People can drink far more water than necessary while exercising, however, putting them at risk of water intoxication, which can be fatal. In particular large amounts of de-ionized water are dangerous. Normally, about 20 percent of water intake comes in food, while the rest comes from drinking water and assorted beverages (caffeinated included). Water is excreted from the body in multiple forms; including urine and feces, sweating, and by water vapor in the exhaled breath.